On February 21, 1965, during a speaking engagement in Harlem, three members of the NOI rushed the stage and shot Malcolm some 15 times at close range. Authorities later estimated the total damage at around $1 billion. Based on the text on the banners, which workers' issue most likely prompted this protest demonstration? As white southerners gradually reestablished civil authority in the former Confederate states in 1865 and 1866, they enacted a series of laws known as the Black Codes, which were designed to restrict freed Black peoples activity and ensure their availability as a labor force. The laws provided African Americans with voting rights. A.regretfullb Most were subject to special taxes. After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work. Steelworkers turned millions of tons of iron into steel for tracks and engines. However, it is estimated that nearly one in three cowhands was either Mexican American or African American. Around the same time, the mechanization of spinning and weaving had revolutionized the textile industry in England, and the demand for American cotton soon became insatiable. I like a little competition, but I like combination more." Which of the following can best be inferred from looking at this map? International outrage over the crime and the verdict helped fuel the civil rights movement: just three months after Emmett Tills body was found, and a month after a Mississippi grand jury refused to indict Milam and Bryant on kidnapping charges, a citywide bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama would begin the movement in earnest. For millions of viewers throughout the country, the unforgettable images provided a vivid contrast between the angry forces of white supremacy and the quiet, dignified resistance of African American students. D. On February 1, 1960, four Black students from the Agricultural and Technical College in Greensboro, North Carolina, sat down at the lunch counter in a local branch of Woolworths and ordered coffee. To satisfy the labor needs of the rapidly growing North American colonies, white European settlers turned in the early 17th century from indentured servants (mostly poorer Europeans) to a cheaper, more plentiful labor source: enslaved Africans. Some cowhands dreamed of setting aside enough money to start a herd of their own. Other African American leaders, notably W.E.B. How did Gustavus Swift's introduction of refrigeration to the meat packing industry change food and ranching in the United States? They increased the personal freedoms of enslaved African Americans. "I Will Fight No More Forever": Chief Joseph One of its most eloquent voices was William Lloyd Garrison, a crusading journalist from Massachusetts, who founded the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator in 1831 and became known as the most radical of Americas antislavery activists. On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court delivered its verdict in Brown v. Board of Education, ruling unanimously that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14th Amendments mandate of equal protection of the laws of the U.S. Constitution to any person within its jurisdiction. The group, which eventually numbered around 75 Black people, killed some 60 white people in two days before armed resistance from local white people and the arrival of state militia forces overwhelmed them just outside Jerusalem. The act also guaranteed equal voting rights by removing biased registration requirements and procedures and authorized the U.S. Office of Education to provide aid to assist with school desegregation. . (1 point) A) During the Civil War, many African Americans went west to work on railroads. During the Great Migration, Harlem became a destination neighborhood, particularly for African Americans who had left the south in search of new opportunities. Many demanded that the unpopular L.A. police chief, Daryl Gates, be fired and that the four officers be brought to justice for their use of excessive force. The fruits of the toil [labor] of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for a few, unprecedented [never having happened or existed before] in the history of mankind; and the possessors of these, in turn, despise the Republic and endanger liberty. After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work Which of the following can best be inferred from looking at this map? Although the Supreme Court declared segregation of public schools illegal in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the decision was extremely difficult to enforce, as 11 southern states enacted resolutions interfering with, nullifying or protesting school desegregation. The one was to consider myself as a manufacturer of dry plates and to perfect them as an end in itself. READ MORE: How Jesse Jackson's Rainbow Coalition Championed Diversity. C. In the 1850s, many free African Americans from the north became ranchers. In its early years, CORE staged a sit-in at a Chicago coffee shop (a precursor to the successful sit-in movement of 1960) and organized a Journey of Reconciliation, in which a group of Black and white activists rode together on a bus through the upper South in 1947, a year after the U.S. Supreme Court banned segregation in interstate bus travel. What industry was Andrew Carnegie part of? A - no the defeat of American Indian peoples by United States troops. to ensure a complex business ran smoothly. . working to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. Also known as the Black Renaissance or the New Negro Movement, the Harlem Renaissance marked the first time that mainstream publishers and critics turned their attention seriously to African American literature, music, art and politics. B. The law did not give African Americans equal protection. After months of quarantine and isolation during a global pandemic, protests mounted, spreading across the country in the following days and weeks. A - I don't know After assisting in the Underground Railroad out of Missouri and engaging in the bloody struggle between pro- and anti-slavery forces in Kansas in the 1850s, Brown grew anxious to strike a more extreme blow for the cause. Over the next two days, the remnants of the 7th Cavalry fought for their lives as they waited in vain for Custer to relieve them. A) During the Civil War, many African Americans went west to work on railroads. A wave of race riotsparticularly one in Springfield, Illinois in 1908lent a sense of urgency to the Niagara Movement and its supporters, who in 1909 joined their agenda with that of a new permanent civil rights organization, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The success of conservative politicians that yearincluding Richard Nixons election as president and the third-party candidacy of the ardent segregationist George Wallace, who won 13 percent of the votefurther discouraged African Americans, many of whom felt that the tide was turning against the civil rights movement. Pan-Africanist ideas first began to circulate in the mid-19th century in the United States, led by Africans from the Western Hemisphere. The following September, after a federal court ordered the desegregation of Central High School, located in the state capital of Little Rock, Faubus called out the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine African American students from entering the school. By freeing some 3 million enslaved people in the rebel states, the Emancipation Proclamation deprived the Confederacy of the bulk of its labor forces and put international public opinion strongly on the Union side. Which change led to the end of open ranching in the west? On February 23, 25-year-old Ahmaud Arbery was killed while out on a run after being followed by three white men in a pickup truck. You can ask a new question or browse more History questions. Less than a week after the Selma-to-Montgomery marchers were beaten and bloodied by Alabama state troopers in March 1965, President Lyndon Johnson addressed a joint session of Congress, calling for federal legislation to ensure protection of the voting rights of African Americans. Martins death set off nationwide protests like the Million Hoodie March. Though it is impossible to give accurate figures, some historians have estimated that 6 to 7 million enslaved people were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone, depriving the African continent of its most valuable resourceits healthiest and ablest men and women. 130130130). C. The laws provided African Americans with voting rights. In his 1903 book Souls of Black Folk, Du Bois spoke strongly against Washingtons advocacy of industrial education, which he saw as too narrow and economically focused, and stressed the importance of higher education for African Americans. by economic cooperation and joint political action. Based on the account of Mrs. Berger, the transcontinental railroads.. Why would it be important for railroads to use strong management techniques? It allowed any man to vote if he had an ancestor who could vote in 1867. They increased the personal freedoms of enslaved African Americans B. ' Kings speech served as a defining moment for the civil rights movement, and he soon emerged as its most prominent figure. After nine years in the Air Force, Meredith had studied at the allBlack Jackson State College and applied repeatedly to Ole Miss with no success. It is A. According to thenSNCC chairman Stokely Carmichael, who first popularized the term Black Power in 1966, the traditional civil rights movement and its emphasis on nonviolence, did not go far enough, and the federal legislation it had achieved failed to address the economic and social disadvantages facing Black Americans. High out-of-wedlock birth rates, absent fathers, and the lack of a family support network for many young African-Americans have led to serious problems in America's urban areas. Born in Jamaica, the Black nationalist leader Marcus Garvey founded his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) there in 1914; two years later, he brought it to the United States. Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? Three days later, two white menthe womans husband, Roy Bryant, and his half-brother, J.W. In the same time period, the number of Black people serving in Congress increased from six to about 40. Free at last! The Little Rock Nine forming a study group after being prevented from entering Little Rock's Central High School. The little children are freezing to death. The main reason for the attack on the tribes under Sitting Bull was to, force the Lakota and Cheyenne back onto their reservations. By 1877, when the last federal soldiers left the South and Reconstruction drew to a close, Black Americans had seen dishearteningly little improvement in their economic and social status, and what political gains they had made had been wiped away by the vigorous efforts of white supremacist forces throughout the region. Among the prominent figures are Madam C.J. Harris' election represented another advance in the slow but steady progress Black Americans have made in recent decades in gaining a greater foothold in political leadership, particularly in the U.S. House of Representatives and in the Cabinets of recent presidents. Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? Then-candidateJoe Biden had nominated Harris in August 2020 during the Democratic partys remote national convention. To ensure a complex business ran smoothly. In another history-making appointment, Condoleezza Rice, Bushs longtime foreign policy adviser and the former head of the National Security Council, succeeded Powell, becoming the first African American woman to serve as secretary of state. There was no denying the movements appeal, however. The following year, Jackson ran for the Democratic nomination for president. Disintegration of family structures in the African-American community has been a persistent problem for far too long. Which economic practice helps motivate companies to keep prices low and improve product quality? By the mid 1970s, many universities were seeking to increase the presence of minority and female faculty and students on their campuses. In 1926, a controversial bestseller about Harlem life by the white novelist Carl von Vechten exemplified the attitude of many white urban sophisticates, who looked to Black culture as a window into a more primitive and vital way of life. Many Black people looked to Booker T. Washington, the author of the bestselling Up From Slavery (1900), as an inspiration. President John F. Kennedy first used the phrase in 1961, in an executive order calling on the federal government to hire more African Americans. B) After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work. . Most were middle or upper class. They chose exile and abandoned the state for nine years, making periodic trips back to visit family while trying to avoid being detected. Milamdragged Till from his great uncles house in the middle of the night. His play caught the attention of Branch Rickey, general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, who had been considering bringing an end to segregation in baseball. After beating the boy, they shot him to death and threw his body in the Tallahatchie River. C. The laws provided African Americans with voting rights. In 1980, entrepreneur Robert L. Johnson founded Black Entertainment Television (BET), which he later sold to entertainment giant Viacom for some $3 billion. How did George Westinghouse contribute to railroad transportation? In June 1905, a group led by the prominent Black educator W.E.B. Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? . Suddenly, there was no lack of educated, upwardly mobile, family-oriented Black characters for TV viewers to look to, both in fiction and in life. After the heady rush of the civil rights movements first years, anger and frustration was increasing among many African Americans, who saw clearly that true equalitysocial, economic and politicalstill eluded them. Over the next years, however, there was little decrease in housing segregation, and violence arose from Black efforts to seek housing in white neighborhoods. By 1940, peanuts had become the second cash crop in the South. Thus, the recent event that led many African Americans to work for ranchers was the end of the Civil War with slavery. The following year, the 14th Amendment broadened the definition of citizenship, granting "equal protection of the Constitution to people who had been enslaved. Richard spent the night in prison, and his sister had to pay a $1,000 bond for his release. At 2 a.m. on July 11, 1958, Mildred Jeter was lying next to her husband Richard Loving, when police began knocking on their door, demanding to know about the nature of their relationship. We believe that the power of governmentin other words, of the peopleshould be expanded . Our greatest trouble has always been caused by extremists who, without shadow of authority, attempted to voice the sentiments of this Order; and from this day forward I am determined that no sniveling anarchist will speak for me, and if he attempts it under shadow of this organization, then he or I must leave the Order, for I will not attempt to guide the affairs of a society that is so lacking in manhood as to allow the very worst element of the community to make use of the prestige it has gained to promote the vilest of schemes against society. READ MORE:Follow the Freedom Riders' Journey Against Segregation. 2. As the outspoken public voice of the Black Muslim faith, Malcolm challenged the mainstream civil rights movement and the nonviolent pursuit of integration championed by Martin Luther King Jr. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Rickey signed Robinson to a Dodgers farm team that same year and two years later moved him up, making Robinson the first African American player to play on a major league team. While supporters of slavery pointed to the Turner rebellion as evidence that Black people were inherently inferior barbarians requiring an institution such as slavery to discipline them, the increased repression of southern Black people would strengthen antislavery feeling in the North through the 1860s and intensify the regional tensions building toward civil war. The cotton gin was widely copied, and within a few years the South would transition from a dependence on the cultivation of tobacco to that of cotton. In Regarding the Pain of Others, Susan Sontag says of war, We do not and cannot imagine what it was like, how dreadful or terrifying it was, how normal it becomes. How might Sadiq be regarded as a response to Sontags statement? The white protective societies that arose during this periodthe largest of which was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)sought to disenfranchise Black voters by using voter suppression and intimidation as well as more extreme violence. It allowed meat to be shipped long distances. On the strength of his Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, he placed third in the primaries, propelled by a surge of Black voter participation. Does Mukherjee want us to see her as being totally insensitive? In the lead-up to the read more, Black History Month is an annual celebration of achievements by African Americans and a time for recognizing their central role in U.S. history. In mid-September, white supremacists bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama during Sunday services; four young African American girls were killed in the explosion. Yes. -Terence Powderly, President of the Knights of Labor Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? Ranchers employed cowhands to tend their cattle and drive herds to market. But they have lagged in the Senate and in governorships. Pew Research.The Path to Eric Garners death. About 90 participants in the Montgomery Bus Boycott, including King, were indicted under a law forbidding conspiracy to obstruct the operation of a business. In 1952, the former Malcolm Little was released from prison after serving six years on a robbery charge; while incarcerated, he had joined the Nation of Islam (NOI, commonly known as the Black Muslims), given up drinking and drugs and replaced his surname with an X to signify his rejection of his slave name. A)boarded trains for the West. Never brought to justice, Bryant and Milam later shared vivid details of how they killed Till with a journalist for Look magazine, which published their confessions under the headline The Shocking Story of Approved Killing in Mississippi.. Along with the Civil Rights Act of the previous year, the Voting Rights Act was one of the most expansive pieces of civil rights legislation in American history, and it greatly reduced the disparity between Black and white voters in the U.S. In May 1961, CORE sent seven African Americans and six white Americans on a freedom ride on two buses from Washington, D.C. . regulating railroad rates to help farmers. Groups of Lakota left reservations after the banning of the Ghost Dance, and soldiers killed many of them at Wounded Knee. Though the lofty ideals of the Revolutionary era invigorated the movement, by the late 1780s it was in decline, as the growing southern cotton industry made slavery an ever more vital part of the national economy. (1 point) A) During the Civil War, many African Americans went west to work on railroads. Bound for New Orleans, the freedom riders were attacked by angry segregationists outside of Anniston, Alabama, and one bus was even firebombed. C - yes Which was a major result of the Homestead Act of 1862? When Meredith arrived at Ole Miss under the protection of federal forces including U.S. marshals, a mob of more than 2,000 people formed on the Oxford, Mississippi campus. After the American Revolution, many colonistsparticularly in the North, where slavery was relatively unimportant to the agricultural economybegan to link the oppression of enslaved Africans. On May 18, 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its verdict in Plessy v. Ferguson, a case that represented the first major test of the meaning of the 14th Amendments provision of full and equal citizenship to African Americans. On March 7, 600 marchers got as far as the Edmund Pettus Bridge outside Selma when they were attacked by state troopers wielding whips, nightsticks and tear gas. A? What caused many boomtowns to turn into ghost towns? Building rail lines created thousands of jobs. Many were recent immigrants. What negative impact did gold and silver mining have in the West? Instead, he urged followers to defend themselves against white aggression by any means necessary. Mounting tensions between Malcolm and NOI founder Elijah Muhammad led Malcolm to form his own mosque in 1964. After meeting at the mouth of the Little Bighorn, they planned to force the Lakota Sioux and the Cheyenne back to their reservations. After Robinsons historic breakthrough, baseball was steadily integrated, with professional basketball and tennis following suit in 1950. Congress required southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment and enact universal male suffrage before they could rejoin the Union, and the state constitutions during those years were the most progressive in the regions history. Two years later, she launched her own nationally syndicated talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show, which would go on to become the highest rated in TV history. After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work, Which of the following can best be inferred from looking at this map, The southern pacific railroad contributed to the growth of cities like San Francisco and los Angeles, Which of the following directly contributed to the trend shown on the chart, Rising demand for buffalo robes in the 1840s, How did the business of farming change from the 1860s through the 1890s, Freight rates fell but so did wheat prices, The plains Indians reaction to the sand creek massacre ultimately resulted in, A new treaty agreement that relocated the plains Indians to reservations in Oklahoma, Why did southern states use poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses as reconstruction came to an end, Which detail in the photo was influenced by vaqueros, How did George Weatinghouse contribute to railroad transportation, His invention of air brakes made railroad travel safer and faster, How was the tragedy by Wounded Knee related to the Ghost Dance, Groups of Lakota left reservations after the banning of the Ghost Dance, and soldiers killed many of them at Wounded Knee, The main reason for the attack on the tribes under Sitting Bull was to, Show that Custer could defeat a larger group of Lakota and Cheyenne, Which of the following phrases might a Republican congressman have used to describe President Johnson's Reconstruction plan, According to this passage, how did the Dred Scott decision help inspire the 14th Amendment, The Dred Scott decision said that African Americans were not citizens, so the amendment defined citizenship to include them, Based on this selection, which policy would the Populists' Party be most likely to support, Regulating railroads rates to help farmers, What event in the history of the west in the late 1800s prompted Chief Joseph to give this speech, The defeat of Native American people's by United States troops, What pattern can you find in share cropping as shown on this map, In Georgia and South Carolina share cropping was more common in inland areas than coastal areas, Based on the information shown, why might some Southern Democrats have disputed the election of Rutherford B. Hayes as President of the United States, What happened in 1876 that caused the dramatic change shown on this graph, The end of reconstruction hurt republicans in South Carolina, How did coal production in the south change after the civil war, Which of the following tasks did the Freedmen's Bureau consider essential to its mission, Some Native Americans on the Great Plains lived in buildings like those shown here because, Which best describes what might have happened to the mining town pictured to cause it to be so desolate, It became a ghost town after the mines stopped producing, Under the black codes put into place in southern states after after the civil war which of the following rights was protected for African Americans, Which of the following most likely describes the perspective of the person who made this illustration, Why did Southern states adopt literacy tests, poll taxes and grandfather clause, What social trend caused the demand for beef to rise immediately following in the civil war, Cities in the east and west increased in population, Why did miners in the west create groups of vigilantes, How was Lincoln's ten percent plan different from the proposed Wade-David Bill, The Wade-Davis Bill banned confederate volunteers from voting; Lincoln's plan did not, Why did republicans in congress attempt to impeach president Andrew Jackson, They disagreed over plans for reconstruction. 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