Two of the original twelve Titans descended from Uranus and Gaia, Hyperion was the Titan god of heavenly light while Theia was the Titan goddess of vision and the aether. [140] Nonnus also identified Selene with Eileithyia. His rites also brought a form of madness about in his followers, who often celebrated under the light of the moon. [8], Selene began appearing in the visual arts around the early fifth century BCE. To link to this article in the text of an online publication, please use this URL: https://historycooperative.org/selene-greek-goddess-of-the-moon/. Modern audiences do not often think about Selenes cyclical nature, however. But Selene was also called by many generic epithets that were used for other goddesses as well, including (euplokmos, she of the beautiful hair), (leuklnos, white-armed), (glaukpis, gray-eyed, bright-eyed, an epithet most commonly associated with Athena), and (kyanpis, dark-eyed, essentially the opposite of glaukpis). The fifty daughters of Selene and Endymion mark the fifty lunar months of the four year Olympiad Cycle. There existed an oracular sanctuary for her in Laconia, near Thalamai. Although Zeus had taken many mortal lovers, the goddess of the moon had been abandoning her duties and could cause chaos if she continued. Selene the moon goddess was a minor figure in ancient Greek mythology. [81], Philologist Max Mller's interpretation of solar mythology as it related to Selene and Endymion concluded that the myth was a narrativized version of linguistic terminology. See esp. [93] Aelian states: "They say that the Lion of Nemea fell from the moon", and quotes Epimenides as saying:[94], For I am sprung from fair-tressed Selene the Moon, who in a fearful shudder shook off the savage lion in Nemea, and brought him forth at the bidding of Queen Hera. "[42], According to the Homeric Hymn to Selene, the goddess bore Zeus a daughter, Pandia ("All-brightness"),[43] "exceeding lovely amongst the deathless gods". The moon goddess and Artemis were occasionally shown as companions. And along with Selene, the moon moved as well. The two other daughters that Selene and Zeus had together was Nemea, the nymph of the town that the Nemean Lion was from, and Ersa, the personified version of dew. The bull panicked, threw Ampelus and gored him to death. [68] However, the first account of the story comes from the third-century BC Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, which tells of Selene's "mad passion" and her visiting the "fair Endymion" in a cave on Mount Latmus:[69], And the Titanian goddess, the moon, rising from a far land, beheld her [Medea] as she fled distraught, and fiercely exulted over her, and thus spake to her own heart: Who was Vesta, the Goddess of the Hearth? "Not I alone then stray to the Latmian cave, nor do I alone burn with love for fair Endymion; oft times with thoughts of love have I been driven away by thy crafty spells, in order that in the darkness of night thou mightest work thy sorcery at ease, even the deeds dear to thee. Selene is a Titan goddess in Greek mythology. With his sister, the Titaness Theia, Hyperion fathered Helios (the Sun), Selene (the Moon) and Eos (the Dawn).. Hyperion was, along with his son Helios, a personification of the sun, with the two sometimes . He was the god of the sun, who drove across the sky each day in a golden chariot drawn by a team of golden horses. 127 ff (trans. Indeed, the Greek comic playwright Aristophanes said in the 5th century BCE that the worship of the moon was a sign of barbarian communities and not to be emulated by the Greeks. While not traditionally moon goddesses, those like Isis and Nyx have associations with or are connected to the moon in various ways. For this the Greek gods were to be worshiped. Seneca, Madness of Hercules 83; Hyginus, Fabulae 30; Aelian, On Animals 12.7 (citing Epimenides); etc. Lastly, Selene was said to be the mother of the legendary Greek poet Musaeus,[50] with, according to Philochorus, the father being the legendary seer Eumolpus.[51]. They included: The lunar goddesses sometimes worked together. Multiple sources say that she had a hand in the creation of the Nemean Lion, whether that was only Selene working on her own or in conjunction with Hera. Helios, the son of Hyperion and Theia, was their second child. Several lovers are attributed to her in various myths, including Zeus, Pan, and the mortal Endymion. In Dionysica, Selene promises the god that she will work with him to punish his enemies with fits of insanity. [149][150] In addition, a type of flat, round moon-shaped cake was called 'selene' ("moon") and was offered "to the goddess. Though Hesiod made the Nemean Lion the child of Echidna, other authors wrote that Selene gave birth to it or brought it up at Heras request. Eos represented the warm light that could be seen coming up above the horizon before the sun appeared in full. For the people of old, natural phenomena was an important part of their worship. Attic red-figure kylix showing Selene riding the chariot of the moon, drawn by two winged horses. 200 (cited in the scholia on Aristophanes Frogs 1033); Orphica frag. Selenes Roman counterpart was called Luna (from the Latin word meaning moon). Selene was the Greek goddess of the moon. [16][18], Although attempts have been made to connect Selene to Helene due to the similarity of their names, in two early dedications to Helen from Laconia her name is spelled with a digamma (Ancient Greek: , romanized:Welna), ruling out any possible connection between them. Selene, (Greek: "Moon") Latin Luna, in Greek and Roman religion, the personification of the moon as a goddess. One of the names given for Selene, and occasionally for an independent personification, was Mene. Finally, although this account is more in doubt, some stories say that Selene and her brother Helios together birthed one of the generations of the Horae, the goddesses of the seasons. Together, they fittingly created three sources of celestial illumination. [13], Selene, along with her brother, her sister and the sky-god Zeus, is one of the few Greek deities of a clear Proto-Indo-European origin, although they were sidelined by later non-PIE newcomers to the pantheon, as remaining on the sidelines became their primary function, to be the minor deities the major ones were juxtaposed to, thus helping keep the Greek religion Greek. [114] From Pausanias, we learn that Selene and Helios also framed the birth of Aphrodite on the base of the Statue of Zeus at Olympia. Helios was one of the Titans, son of Hyperion and Theia and brother of Eos (the Dawn) and Selene (the Moon ). When Gaia heard of a prophecy that a mortal would help the gods to defeat the giants, she sought to find a herb that would make them undefeatable. The air, unlit before, glows with the light of her golden crown, and her rays beam clear, whensoever bright Selene having bathed her lovely body in the waters of Ocean, and donned her far-gleaming raiment, and yoked her strong-necked, shining team, drives on her long-maned horses at full speed, at eventime in the mid-month: then her great orbit is full and then her beams shine brightest as she increases. That haunted cave [on Mount Latmos] of fair-haired Nymphai (Nymphs) where, as Endymion slept beside his kine, divine Selene watched him from on high, and slid from heaven to earth; for passionate love drew down the immortal stainless queen of night. 260 M-W; Epimenides, FHG 4 frag. Selene, the goddess of the moon, was the youngest of the three siblings. Described by Pausanias, it contained statues of Pasipha and Helios. 245 M-W; Pherecydes, FHG 1 frag. For other uses, see, Detail of Selene from a Roman sarcophagus, A winged Selene seems to be unique to this. Myth Early History Selene was the daughter of the titans, Hyperion and Theia, sister to Helios (the sun) and Eos (dawn). In some versions of the story, the goddess abandoned her duty and left the night sky so she could be with the man she loved. [78] In his dialogue between Aphrodite and Eros, Lucian also has Aphrodite admonish her son Eros for bringing Selene "down from the sky". The first depictions of Selenes moon chariot goes back to the early 5th century BCE. The months had their own personifications as well, who were all born from Selene. She was said to represent the full moon. Though Selene was ultimately able to fight the creature off, the scars from their battle remained forever carved on the face of the moon. So she is a sure token and a sign to mortal men. [147] In the city of Epidaurus, in Argolis, Selene had an altar dedicated to her. Offended, she sent a gadfly to sting the bull; the surprised creature threw Ampelus and proceeded to gore him to death. [76] The Roman playwright Seneca, has Selene abandoned the night sky for Endymion's sake having entrusted her "shining" moon chariot to her brother Helios to drive. Selene and Endymion relief, Alessandro and Lancellotto Pusterla's gravestone, 16th century. Selene (probably) and Helios adorned the east pediment of the Parthenon, where the two, each driving a four-horsed chariot, framed a scene depicting the birth of Athena, with Helios and his chariot rising from the ocean on the left, and Selene and her chariot descending into the sea on the right. She was depicted as a woman riding sidesaddle on a horse or driving a chariot drawn by a pair of winged steeds. Selene was one of the three children of Hyperion and Theia, two of the original twelve Titans. Oil lamp fragment with the head of Selene, early classical period, Muse de Die. While the Maenids of Dionysus were driven mad by the frenzy of their worship, however, the madness brought about by Selene could be used as a targeted punishment. They were even called by their names, Phoebe and Phoebus respectively, in some sources. Selene is a Titan goddess. . [32], The usual account of Selene's origin is given by Hesiod in his Theogony, where the sun-god Hyperion espoused his sister Theia, who gave birth to "great Helios and clear Selene and Eos who shines upon all that are on earth and upon the deathless Gods who live in the wide heaven". [106], According to pseudo-Plutarch, Lilaeus was an Indian shepherd who only worshipped Selene among the gods and performed her rituals and mysteries at night. Homeric Hymn 4.99100. The Homeric Hymn 31 sings praises to all the children of Hyperion, referring to Eos as rosy armed Eos and to Helios as tireless Helios.. [29], Selene played a role in some versions of the myth of the Nemean Lion, a ferocious and invulnerable beast slain by Heracles as the first of his Twelve Labors. Greek Mythology >> Galleries GALLERIES. In later times, Selene was often associated with Artemis in the same way that her brother Helios was associated with Artemis brother Apollo. While Selene was known for pulling the moon across the sky in her silver . All of these qualities bound Selene to the natural phenomena of time and seasons and the rejuvenation of nature as well, even apart from her ability to shed light. Selene also has a chemical element named after her, Selenium. She was often said to be the mother of the Horai, the personifications of the division of time and the seasons. [63][66], Selene is best known for her affair with the beautiful mortal Endymion. "[80], Lucian also records an otherwise unattested myth where a pretty young girl called Muia becomes Selene's rival for Endymion's affections; the chatty maiden would endlessly talk to him while he slept, causing him to wake up. 527532; Shear, pp. https://mythopedia.com/topics/selene, Avi Kapach is a writer, scholar, and educator who received his PhD in Classics from Brown University. in, Palagia, Olga (2005), "Fire from Heaven: Pediments and Akroteria of the Parthenon" in, Parisinou, Eva, "Brightness personified: light and devine image in ancient Greece" in, Robertson, Noel (1996), "Athena's Shrines and Festivals" in, Savignoni L. 1899. [2] She was often associated with cycles of growth and agriculture, female menstruation, and mysterious diseases like epilepsy and demonic possession. She is usually portrayed either driving a chariot (see above) or riding sideways on horseback[111] (sometimes riding an ox, a mule or a ram). [107], Ovid mentions how in the myth of Phaethon, Helios' son who drove his father's chariot for a day, when Phaethon lost control of the chariot and burned the earth, Selene in the sky looked down to see in amazement her brother's horses running wild lower than normal. Who were Zeus' Lovers? 10; Pisander, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (FGrH) 16 frag. [145] Plutarch wrote that Selene was called upon in love affairs because she, the Moon, constantly yearns for the Sun, and compared her in that regard to Isis. The three children have become much more well-known in general Greek literature than their parents, especially after the fall from grace of Hyperion, who stood by his brother Cronus in the latters war against Zeus and was banished to Tartarus for it. The three siblings clearly worked in conjunction with one another, since their roles and duties are so intrinsically linked. She and her brother did not just pull the chariots of their respective orbs through the sky. [126] Pausanias also described seeing two stone images in the market-place of Elis, one of the sun and the other of the moon, from the heads of which projected the rays of the sun and the horns of the crescent moon. That was a basic unit of how the Greeks measured time in the old days. Names of the Goddess. This claim has been takenby Plutarch at first, and subsequently by modern astronomersto mean that she could predict the time and general area where an eclipse of the Moon would occur. Watched over by nymphs and visited often by the goddess, it was marked by glowing moonstones and pure white rock. [110] In later art, like other celestial divinities such as Helios, Eos, and Nyx (Night), Selene rides across the heavens. Updates? Plato, Republic 2.364e; Philochorus, Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum (FHG) 1 frag. In ancient Greek mythology, Selene, is the Titan goddess of the moon and is said to drive her glowing chariot powered by beautiful white horses across the sky each night. Without Selene giving way to Eos, Helios could not bring the sun back to the world. Selene was a Titan goddess in Greek mythology, daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia. The Greeks recognized several goddesses as having a connection to the moon, but none was as closely associated with it as Selene. Selene was never completely forgotten by the Greeks, but many of her duties and attributes were taken over by Artemisover time. Selene was a beautiful goddess with long, flowing . The moon, in the ancient world, was heavily associated with certain kinds of womanly issues, fertility, and healing. In the more familiar tradition, however, the Horae were the daughters of Zeus and Themis, and there were only three of them (even their names are completely different: Eirene, Eunomia, and Dike). In many paintings and sculptures, Selene is traditionally depicted with the crescent moon in her vicinity. She was unique, however, in her relationship with the orb itself. Several lovers are attributed to her in various myths, including Zeus, Pan, and the mortal Endymion. Selene was the goddess of the moon. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Selene was, while not worshiped openly, apparently the object of many spells and invocations addressed to her by young women. Mythopedia. Grapevines then rose from Ampelus corpse, from which the heartbroken Dionysus made wine for the first time. [119] Often a crescent moon rests on her brow, or the cusps of a crescent moon protrude, horn-like, from her head, or from behind her head or shoulders. Endymion was, depending on the source, a prince in exile or a simple shepherd. Selene detail from a sarcophagus, imperial period. . Only a handful of religious centers of Selene are known from the ancient world. She was descended . Often she was shown in a chariot drawn by a team of horses or oxen, but other times there was no chariot, and Selene would instead appear on the back of a horse or mule. With Zeus she is the mother of Pandeia goddess of dew. Diodorus of Sicily, Library of History 3.57. Selene also has several other names. [108], In antiquity, artistic representations of Selene/Luna included sculptural reliefs, vase paintings, coins, and gems. In her later identification with Artemis, Selene came to be called Phoebe or Cynthia. And now thou thyself too hast part in a like mad passion; and some god of affliction has given thee Jason to be thy grievous woe. He soon discovered the source of Selenes distraction. [118], Selene is commonly depicted with a crescent moon, often accompanied by stars; sometimes, instead of a crescent, a lunar disc is used. Her name is linked with those of various other goddesses, such as Artemis and Hecate, who are also associated with the moon. [122] As frequently depicted on Roman sarcophagi, Selene, holding a billowing veil forming a crescent over her head, descends from her chariot to join her lover, who slumbers at her feet. [40][41] Furthermore, in Virgil's Aeneid, when Nisus calls upon Selene/the Moon, he addresses her as "daughter of Latona. [127] Selene (along with Helios, Nyx and others) received an altar at the sanctuary of Demeter at Pergamon, possibly in connection with the Orphic mysteries. The Greek word Phoebe means bright and the word Cynthia means from Mount Cynthus which was said to be the birthplace of Artemis. Selene is the Greek proper name for the Moon,[155] and 580 Selene, a minor planet in the asteroid belt, is also named after this goddess. Selenes siblings and Selene herself carried on their fathers legacy by shining light from the heavens upon the earth. [158] HMS Selene (P254), a 1944 British submarine and Ghia Selene, a concept car from the Ghia design studio from 1959, also bore her name. 14 In works of art, however, the two divinities are usually distinguished; the face of In Greek mythology, Selene was the Titan goddess of the moon. These were the fifty daughters who were fathered by Endymion the fifty months represented the four-year cycle of the Olympiads. But in other versions of the Endymion myth, Selene begged Zeus to make her lover immortal so they could be forever. [104] Zeus agrees, urged by Selene's complaints and having long intended to deal with the philosophers himself. [58] In some later accounts the chariot was drawn by oxen or bulls. The ancient Greeks saw her as the actual representation of the moon. She is dressed in the finest silk robes and travels in her silver moon chariot drawn by luminous steeds across the heavens. 573 Bernab. Selene and Endymion by Sebastiano Ricci (1713). According to Hesiod's Theogony, her parents were the Titans Hyperion and Theia; her brother was Helios, the sun god (sometimes called her father); her sister was Eos (Dawn). It seems that Selene was not uninvolved in the twelve tasks of Heracles either. The name of the moon goddess is surrounded by accounts of the consorts she had and their children. Selene, the goddess of the moon, has two siblings: Eos, the goddess of the dawn, and Helios, the sun god. Gaia, the primordial Titan goddess and grandmother to the Olympian gods and goddesses, was enraged when her children were defeated in the Titanomachy and imprisoned in Tartarus. Greek mythology, body of stories concerning the gods, heroes, and rituals of the ancient Greeks. In other versions, Endymion was actually taken to Mount Olympus. Interestingly, this version of the myth does not involve Selene. Well, go on, and steel thy heart, wise though thou be, to take up thy burden of pain, fraught with many sighs."[70]. Selene was said to have several consorts but the man that the goddess of the moon was most linked with was the mortal Endymion. [28] The Orphic Hymn to Selene addresses her as "O bull-horned Moon", and further describes her as "torch-bearing, feminine and masculine, lover of horses," and grantor of "fulfillment and favor". The people of Sparta claimed that Ares had been nursed by a nymph called Thero. [84] Selene's participation in the battle is evidenced by her inclusion in the Gigantomachy frieze of the Pergamon Altar, fighting against Giants next to her siblings Helios and Eos and her mother Theia in the southern frieze. [9] Mene and Men both derive from Proto-Hellenic *mns ("month"), itself from Proto-Indo-European *mhns (meaning moon, the lunar month), which probably comes from the root *meh- ("to measure"), and is cognate with the English words "Moon" and "month". Epimenides, in the theogony that was ascribed to him, also calls her lovely haired, perhaps due to the Homeric Hymns themselves. [46], From Pausanias we hear that Selene was supposed to have had fifty daughters, by her lover Endymion, often assumed to represent the fifty lunar months of the Olympiad. 3 Most Important Characters in Greek Mythology, 5 Awesome Greek Mythology Fiction Books for Kids, Aphrodite Facts: Awesome Facts about the Goddess of Love and Beauty. Zeus slept with the human queen Alcmene, of which encounter Heracles was born. [125] An oracular sanctuary existed near Thalamai in Laconia. The Origin of Hotdogs, The History of Boracay Island in The Philippines. Occasionally Selenes chariot was pulled by oxen or bulls, again differentiating it from the faster vehicle of her brother. Please like and share this article if you found it useful. [34] She also had a sacred statue (which stood alongside one of her brother Helios) in the public market of Elis.[35]. Selene is the goddess of the moon. She was worshipped at the new and full moons. Greek mythology has beautiful explanations for many natural phenomena. [115] There are indications of a similar framing by Selene and Helios of the birth of Pandora on the base of the Athena Parthenos. The moon was also believed to bring the night dew that nourished the plants and to bring sleep and rest to humankind. [87], According to the late account of Nonnus, when the gigantic monster Typhon laid siege against the heavens, he attacked Selene as well by hurling bulls at her, though she managed to stay in her course, and rushed at her hissing like a viper. Though Selene had many consorts, the most famous of them was Endymion, a handsome young mortal. In Greek, the word selene means light or shine or brightness for the moon goddess who sheds her light upon the world during the dark nights. Zeus had enough sympathy for Selene to not kill Endymion outright, but he put the human man in an enchanted sleep on Mount Latmus in the East so Selene would have no further reason to descend to earth each night. Her brother is Helios, the Sun and her sister is Eos, the Dawn. Selene was written off and Artemis became the goddess of the moon, hunting, and animals. They brought night and day, shed light on the earth, were responsible for the turning of the months, and facilitated agriculture. [5], Selenes moon chariotsimilar to the sun chariot of her brother Helios and the dawn chariot of her sister Eoswas probably her most distinctive and consistent attribute. Selene. Mythopedia, 7 Dec. 2022. https://mythopedia.com/topics/selene. 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