The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. The night of broken glass. As the Jews were taken away, their remaining possessions were seized as loot both by Nazi authorities and by neighbors. For 48 terrifying hours, riotersdestroyed hundreds of synagogues, desecrated Jewish cemeteries,ransacked,and looted some 7,500 Jewish businesses. Latin, or Old Norse source word and its meaning. Enter the lesson word most nearly the opposite of the boldfaced word or words. "[81], While November 1938 predated the overt articulation of "the Final Solution", it foreshadowed the genocide to come. NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS - The Washington Post By Patricia Brennan November 6, 1988 The night of Nov. 9, 1938, was cold in Germany and Austria, and so was the message Adolf Hitler sent to Jews. Hundreds died in the camps as a result of the brutal treatment they endured. On February 9, 1939, Senator Robert F. Wagner (D-NY) and Representative Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA) introduced identical bills into Congress to offer refuge to 20,000 children under 14 from the Greater German Reich. [caption=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b] - [credit=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b]. Vom Rath was a German embassy official stationed in Paris. Legislation restricted access to public transport. The name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogromswhich took place on November 9 and 10, 1938. Nazi propaganda alienated 500,000 Jews in Germany, who accounted for only 0.86% of the overall population, and framed them as an enemy responsible for Germany's defeat in the First World War and for its subsequent economic disasters, such as the 1920s hyperinflation and subsequent Great Depression. I cannot, he said, in any decent humanity, throw them out. Indeed, no Jews were forced to leave the United States to return to Nazi-occupied Europe for the duration of the war. [64] During the events of Kristallnacht, several Gauleiter and deputy Gauleiters had refused orders to enact the Kristallnacht, and many leaders of the SA and of the Hitler Youth also openly refused party orders, while expressing disgust. Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. The site, the size of four football fields, contained an extensive array of personal and ceremonial items looted during the riots against Jewish property and places of worship on the night of 9 November 1938. An estimated 400 Jews lost their lives in the anti-Semitic pogrom and more than 30,000 were imprisoned or sent to concentration camps, where many were brutally mistreated. Kristallnacht. These laws resulted in the exclusion and alienation of Jews from German social and political life. As a result, many Jews began to plan an escape from their native land. info)), or the Rhm purge (German: Rhm-Putsch), also called Operation Hummingbird (German: Unternehmen Kolibri), was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from 30 June to 2 July 1934. The event was widely covered in the international press and the Nazi-coordinated attacks on Jews sent . Despite the outward appearance of spontaneous violence, and the local cast which the pogrom took on in various regions throughout the Reich, the central orders Heydrich relayed gave specific instructions: the "spontaneous" rioters were to take no measures endangering non-Jewish German life or property; they were not to subject foreigners (even Jewish foreigners) to violence; and they were to remove all synagogue archives prior to vandalizing synagogues and other properties of the Jewish communities, and to transfer that archival material to the Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst, or SD). IncidentallyI would not like to be a Jew in Germany.. The entire story is told from the point of view of a cat named Benno, who lives happily on Rosenstrasse in Berlin, making the rounds from shop to shop and apartment to apartment, visiting both Jewish and non-Jewish families, all of whom love him. siriequinox. . Some 30,000 Jewish males aged 16 to 60 were arrested. Torched synagogues. Thus, the overreaction to Herschel Grynszpan's attempt against the diplomat Ernst vom Rath came into being and led to the November pogrom. Vom Rath died on November 9, 1938, two days after the shooting. The Daily Telegraph correspondent, Hugh Greene, wrote of events in Berlin: "Mob law ruled in Berlin throughout the afternoon and evening and hordes of hooligans indulged in an orgy of destruction. Learn about Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), November 910, 1938 propaganda. [5] The Times of London observed on 11 November 1938: "No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults on defenceless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. [60], In an article released for publication on the evening of 11 November, Goebbels ascribed the events of Kristallnacht to the "healthy instincts" of the German people. "[37] The Israeli historian Saul Friedlnder believes that Goebbels had personal reasons for wanting to bring about Kristallnacht. [87] The letter was widely criticized and condemned in The Atlantic,[88] The Independent,[89] among bloggers, Twitter users, and "his own colleagues in Silicon Valley". They described the actions as justifiable and spontaneous responses of the German population to the assassination of a German diplomatic official, Ernst vom Rath, in Paris. When the first rays of a cold and pale November sun penetrated the heavy dark clouds, the little synagogue was but a heap of stone, broken glass and smashed-up woodwork."[43]. Another Person 3. The violence continued during the day of November 10, and in some places acts of violence continued for several more days. Also known as brown shirts. The Reich government confiscated all insurance payouts to Jews whose businesses and homes were looted or destroyed, leaving the Jewish owners personally responsible for the cost of all repairs. [53] The majority went to other European countries, the U.S. and Mandatory Palestine, and at least 14,000 made it to Shanghai, China. After his speech, the assembled regional Party leaders issued instructions to their local offices. Tombstones were uprooted and graves violated. From November 9 to 10, 1938, in an . After the pogrom ended, it was given an oddly poetic name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken glass. This name symbolized the final shattering of Jewish existence in Germany. [3] The name Kristallnacht (literally 'Crystal Night') comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings and synagogues were smashed. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. In the 1920s, most German Jews were fully integrated into German society as German citizens. In the fall of 1938, the increased pressure on Jewish property nourished the party's ambition, especially since Hjalmar Schacht had been ousted as Reich minister for economics. [92] The Sri Lankan Finance Minister Mangala Samaraweera also used the term to describe the violence in 2019 against Muslims by Sinhalese nationalists. Kristallnacht (German pronunciation: [kstalnat] ()) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced [novm.b.poom] ()), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German . German Jews had been subjected to repressive policies since 1933, when Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany. Shards of glass littered the streets. Fire companies stood by synagogues in flames with explicit instructions to let the buildings burn. "I'm Revier 16 (In precinct No. (a) retreat, (b) urge, (c) spur, (d) goad. Using the pretext of the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris, Goebbels urged Storm Troopers . It is also known as the "Night of Broken Glass". Broken glass. Omissions? New York: Times Books, 1989. German officials refused to accept the tendered document. In October 2008, this dumpsite was discovered by Yaron Svoray, an investigative journalist. Ensuing legislation barred Jews, already ineligible for employment in the public sector, from practicing most professions in the private sector. In two days and nights, more than 1,000 synagogues were burned or otherwise damaged. Kristallnacht, also called the "Night of Broken Glass," was the start of a violent campaign launched on German Jewish people by Nazis on November 9, 1938. Sir Kristian Goldmund Aumann. Jewish cemeteries became a particular object of desecration in many regions. They were one of the forces held responsible for Kristallnacht. Package nonhazardous lab glass and plastic waste items in sturdy cardboard boxes. The violence was instigated primarily by Nazi Party officials and members of the SA (Sturmabteilung: commonly known as Storm Troopers) and Hitler Youth. Early reports estimated that 91 Jews had been murdered. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. In the aftermath of Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime ordered the Jewish community to pay a 1 billion Reichsmark atonement tax and rapidly enacted many anti-Jewish laws and edicts. We have not come together merely to talk again, but to make decisions, and I implore competent agencies to take all measures for the elimination of the Jew from the German economy, and to submit them to me. Police were also instructed to seize Jewish archives from synagogues and community offices, and to arrest and detain "healthy male Jews, who are not too old", for eventual transfer to (labor) concentration camps. But one night in Berlin, the Nazis changed everything. Click the card to flip . In The. Racial hatred and hysteria seemed to have taken complete hold of otherwise decent people. [84], Kristallnacht was the inspiration for the 1993 album Kristallnacht by the composer John Zorn. The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan. Jews could no longer gain admittance to German theaters, movie cinemas, or concert halls. Hitlers right hand man. In what ways might the Three Mile Island incident affect policy today. The unprecedented pogrom of November 9-10, 1938 in Germany has passed into history as Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). [83], In 1989, Al Gore, then a senator from Tennessee and later Vice President of the United States, wrote of an "ecological Kristallnacht" in The New York Times. The Night of the Broken Glass The Holocaust has played a significant part of many people lives living in Germany. On the 1st of April 1933, the SA organized a boycott of all Jewish shops and businesses. Kristallnacht (krstl-nkht) [Ger.,=night of crystal], in German history, the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a night of violence against Jews and of destruction of the businesses and other property belonging to them. Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, was a prolonged series of violent attacks on Jewish people, homes, businesses and synagogues in 1938 Germany. Over 1,000 synagogues, some 3 centuries old, were burned and over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, a chief instigator of the Kristallnacht pogroms, suggested to the convened Nazi 'Old Guard' that 'World Jewry' had conspired to commit the assassination. The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler. The trials were conducted exclusively by German and Austrian courts; the Allied occupation authorities did not have jurisdiction since none of the victims were Allied nationals. Walter Buch to Goring, 13.2.1939, Michaelis and Schraepler, Ursachen, Vol.12, p. 582 as cited in Friedlnder, p. 271. The broken windows theory states that visible signs of disorder and misbehavior in an environment encourage further disorder and misbehavior, leading to serious crimes. [72] Nevertheless, individuals continued to show courage, for example, a parson paid the medical bills of a Jewish cancer patient and was sentenced to a large fine and several months in prison in 1941, Reformed Church pastor Paul Schneider placed a Nazi sympathizer under church discipline and he was subsequently sent to Buchenwald where he was murdered. [citation needed], The avant-garde guitarist Gary Lucas's 1988 composition "Verklrte Kristallnacht", which juxtaposes what would become the Israeli national anthem ten years after Kristallnacht, "Hatikvah", with phrases from the German national anthem "Deutschland ber Alles" amid wild electronic shrieks and noise, is intended to be a sonic representation of the horrors of Kristallnacht. https://www.history.com/topics/holocaust/kristallnacht. Despite the repressive nature of these policies, through most of 1938, the harassment of Jews was primarily nonviolent. It was 2 a.m., but the sky was already bright. 54 terms. 78 ed.). Description November 9th 1938 is widely seen as a violent turning point in Nazi Germany's assault on the Jews. Kristallnacht: The Night of Broken Glass Survivors and Remembering the Kristallnacht Conception of the Nazis Concentration Camps "Ever and so, the Nazi conceptions of race and the evil Jewish origins of modernity cannot themselves explain the revolutionary idea of time the Nazis. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! The Reich confiscated any compensation claims that insurance companies paid to Jews. But police arrested the victims and firefighters were ordered not to intervene. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels delivered the speech, in his place, and said that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. Sweep the area as clean as possible after the larger broken pieces are picked up. Throughout Germany and Austria, Nazi Stormtroopers . . We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. ANS WE R: Na z i s a nd c ol l a bora t ors l a unc he d t he fi rs t na t i onwi de vi ol e nc e a ga i ns t Ge rm a ny's J e ws , de s t royi ng hundre ds of s yna gogue s a nd l oot i ng m ore t ha n 7,000 bus i ne s s e s . Die Hackeschen Hfe. On the night of November 9, 1938, rampaging mobs attacked . The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. The Polish government threatened to extradite all Jews who were Polish citizens but would stay in Germany, thus creating a burden of responsibility on the German side. Long took an obstructionist role in granting visas to European Jews, and maintained this policy even when America entered World War II after the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This was the first time Nazi officials made massive arrests of Jews specifically because they were Jews, without any further cause for arrest. Nearly 100 Jews were murdered during the violence. Wherever I have been I have been chased like an animal.. Guardian archive image of Goebbels foreign press conference: Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung", in Bttner (ed) Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997). [96], "Crystal Night" redirects here. Word of his death reached Hitler that evening while he was with several key members of the Nazi party at a dinner commemorating the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. "[61] Less than 24 hours after Kristallnacht, Adolf Hitler made a one-hour long speech in front of a group of journalists where he completely ignored the recent events on everyone's mind. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister for public enlightenment and propaganda, immediately seized on the assassination to rile Hitlers supporters into an anti-Semitic frenzy. Though cleansing campaigns for ethnic or religious read more, From November 8 to November 9, 1923, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and his followers staged the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, a failed takeover of the government in Bavaria, a state in southern Germany. [78], After the end of World War II, there were hundreds of trials over Kristallnacht. At the trial of Adolf Eichmann in 1961, Sendel Grynszpan recounted the events of their deportation from Hanover on the night of 27 October 1938: "Then they took us in police trucks, in prisoners' lorries, about 20 men in each truck, and they took us to the railway station. PBS: American Experience.Kristallnacht: 1938. Kristallnacht (German pronunciation: [kstalnat] (listen)) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced [novm.b.poom] (listen)),[1][2] was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German civilians throughout Nazi Germany on 910 November 1938. The local fire departments confined themselves to prevent the flames from spreading to neighboring buildings. In the ten months following Kristallnacht, more than 115,000 Jews emigrated from the Reich. Kristallnacht marked a turning point toward more violent and repressive treatment of Jews by the Nazis. BERLIN (AP) Germans across the country on Saturday commemorated the 75th anniversary of Kristallnacht the night of broken glass during . On 6 December 1938, William Cooper, an Aboriginal Australian, led a delegation of the Australian Aboriginal League on a march through Melbourne to the German Consulate to deliver a petition which condemned the "cruel persecution of the Jewish people by the Nazi government of Germany". [18] Many sought asylum abroad; hundreds of thousands emigrated, but as Chaim Weizmann wrote in 1936, "The world seemed to be divided into two partsthose places where the Jews could not live and those where they could not enter. View the list of all donors. Just before midnight on November 9, Gestapo chief Heinrich Mller sent a telegram to all police units informing them that in shortest order, actions against Jews and especially their synagogues will take place in all of Germany. However, Life magazine was able to publish some images in its November 28, 1938, issue. Rioters ransacked and looted about 7,500 Jewish businesses, killed at least 91 Jews, and vandalized Jewish hospitals, homes, schools, and cemeteries. nacht (krstl-nkt, -tl-nKHt) n. The night of November 9, 1938, on which the Nazis coordinated an attack on Jewish people and their property in Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. ), pp. [13] Conditions for German Jews began to worsen after the appointment of Adolf Hitler (the Austrian-born leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party) as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, and the Enabling Act (implemented 23 March 1933) which enabled the assumption of power by Hitler after the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933. Violence began to erupt in various parts of the Reich throughout the late evening and early morning hours of November 910. The name is a reference to the broken glass that resulted from the destruction. tags: holocaust , night-of-the-broken-glass , pogroms. 11 terms. On the night of November 9, 1939, Nazi soldiers stormed the streets of Germany, breaking windows and looting Jewish businesses in a nationwide attack that would be known as Kristallnacht ("the night of broken glass"). Night of Broken Glass Remembrance Day Observances Showing: While we diligently research and update our holiday dates, some of the information in the table above may be preliminary. [25] Four thousand were granted entry into Poland, but the remaining 8,000 were forced to stay at the border. [66] The press was also under orders to downplay the Kristallnacht, describing general events at the local level only, with prohibition against depictions of individual events. ("Jews out, out to Palestine!"). Despite widespread support, the Wagner-Rogers Bill died in Congress. Tucson News TV channel briefly reported on a 2008 remembrance meeting at a local Jewish congregation. How did leaders, diplomats, and citizens around the world respond to the events of the Holocaust? "[58], The extent of the damage done on Kristallnacht was so great that many Germans are said to have expressed their disapproval of it, and to have described it as senseless. [citation needed] This included German-born Jews of foreign citizenship. The violence included torching synagogues, vandalizing homes, schools, and graveyards, and destroying thousands of businesses. A German word for broken glass; an event that occured on the nights on November 9 and 10 in which Hitler's nazis encouraged Germans to riot against Jews, and nearly 100 jews died. Chapter 13 Test Study Guide. Although he knew extending the visas could raise congressional objection, the president made his position clear. Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. C. salon Lucas, Eric. In it, Schwarzenegger said the rampage was America's "Night of Broken Glass" - referring to the Kristallnacht of 1938 when shards of broken glass littered the streets of Nazi Germany after the . The turning point. First, by 1938 large numbers of Germans had joined the Nazi Party for pragmatic reasons rather than ideology thus diluting the percentage of rabid antisemites; second, the Kristallnacht could have caused party members to reject antisemitism that had been acceptable to them in abstract terms but which they could not support when they saw it concretely enacted. They waited there in harsh conditions to be allowed to enter Poland. All Rights Reserved. B. rousseau Did gay affair provide a catalyst for Kristallnacht? The quota system remained unchanged throughout the war and into the 1960s. Feroz Rather's The Night of Broken Glass corrects that anomaly. destroyed hundreds of synagogues, desecrated Jewish cemeteries. By the end of 1938, Jews were prohibited from schools and most public places in Germanyand conditions only worsened from there. The larger broken pieces are picked up reasons for wanting to bring about Kristallnacht ( Night of the word. 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